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node_modules/level-transcoder/README.md
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# level-transcoder
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**Encode data with built-in or custom encodings.** The successor to [`level-codec`][level-codec] that transcodes encodings from and to internal data formats supported by a database. This allows a database to store data in a format of its choice (Buffer, Uint8Array or String) with zero-effort support of known encodings. That includes other encoding interfaces in the ecosystem like [`abstract-encoding`][abstract-enc] and [`multiformats`][blockcodec].
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[![level badge][level-badge]](https://github.com/Level/awesome)
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[](https://www.npmjs.com/package/level-transcoder)
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[](https://www.npmjs.com/package/level-transcoder)
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[](https://github.com/Level/transcoder/actions/workflows/test.yml)
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[](https://codecov.io/gh/Level/transcoder)
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[](https://standardjs.com)
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[](https://common-changelog.org)
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[](https://opencollective.com/level)
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## Usage
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Create a transcoder, passing a desired format:
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```js
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const { Transcoder } = require('level-transcoder')
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const transcoder1 = new Transcoder(['view'])
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const transcoder2 = new Transcoder(['buffer'])
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const transcoder3 = new Transcoder(['utf8'])
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```
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Then select an encoding and encode some data:
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```js
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// Uint8Array(3) [ 49, 50, 51 ]
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console.log(transcoder1.encoding('json').encode(123))
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// <Buffer 31 32 33>
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console.log(transcoder2.encoding('json').encode(123))
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// '123'
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console.log(transcoder3.encoding('json').encode(123))
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```
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If the `Transcoder` constructor is given multiple formats then `Transcoder#encoding()` selects an encoding with the best fitting format. Consider a database like [`leveldown`][leveldown] which has the ability to return data as a Buffer or string. If an `encoding.decode(data)` function needs a string, we'll want to fetch that `data` from the database as a string. This avoids the cost of having to convert a Buffer to a string. So we'd use the following transcoder:
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```js
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const transcoder = new Transcoder(['buffer', 'utf8'])
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```
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Then, knowing for example that the return value of `JSON.stringify(data)` is a UTF-8 string which matches one of the given formats, the `'json'` encoding will return a string here:
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```js
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// '123'
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console.log(transcoder.encoding('json').encode(123))
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```
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In contrast, data encoded as a `'view'` (for now that just means Uint8Array) would get transcoded into the `'buffer'` encoding. Copying of data is avoided where possible, like how the underlying ArrayBuffer of a view can be passed to `Buffer.from(..)` without a copy.
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Lastly, encodings returned by `Transcoder#encoding()` have a `format` property to be used to forward information to an underlying store. For example: an input value of `{ x: 3 }` using the `'json'` encoding which has a `format` of `'utf8'`, can be forwarded as value `'{"x":3}'` with encoding `'utf8'`. Vice versa for output.
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## Encodings
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### Built-in Encodings
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These encodings can be used out of the box and are to be selected by name.
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In this table, the _input_ is what `encode()` accepts. The _format_ is what `encode()` returns as well as what `decode()` accepts. The _output_ is what `decode()` returns. The TypeScript typings of `level-transcoder` have generic type parameters with matching names: `TIn`, `TFormat` and `TOut`.
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| Name | Input | Format | Output |
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| :---------------------- | :------------------------- | :--------- | :-------------- |
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| `'buffer'` <sup>1</sup> | Buffer, Uint8Array, String | `'buffer'` | Buffer |
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| `'view'` | Uint8Array, Buffer, String | `'view'` | Uint8Array |
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| `'utf8'` | String, Buffer, Uint8Array | `'utf8'` | String |
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| `'json'` | Any JSON type | `'utf8'` | As input |
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| `'hex'` | String (hex), Buffer | `'buffer'` | String (hex) |
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| `'base64'` | String (base64), Buffer | `'buffer'` | String (base64) |
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<sup>1</sup> Aliased as `'binary'`. Use of this alias does not affect the ability to transcode.
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### Transcoder Encodings
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It's not necessary to use or reference the below encodings directly. They're listed here for implementation notes and to show how input and output is the same; it's the format that differs.
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Custom encodings are transcoded in the same way and require no additional setup. For example: if a custom encoding has `{ name: 'example', format: 'utf8' }` then `level-transcoder` will create transcoder encodings on demand with names `'example+buffer'` and `'example+view'`.
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| Name | Input | Format | Output |
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| :--------------------------- | :------------------------- | :--------- | :-------------- |
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| `'buffer+view'` | Buffer, Uint8Array, String | `'view'` | Buffer |
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| `'view+buffer'` | Uint8Array, Buffer, String | `'buffer'` | Uint8Array |
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| `'utf8+view'` | String, Buffer, Uint8Array | `'view'` | String |
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| `'utf8+buffer'` | String, Buffer, Uint8Array | `'buffer'` | String |
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| `'json+view'` | Any JSON type | `'view'` | As input |
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| `'json+buffer'` | Any JSON type | `'buffer'` | As input |
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| `'hex+view'` <sup>1</sup> | String (hex), Buffer | `'view'` | String (hex) |
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| `'base64+view'` <sup>1</sup> | String (base64), Buffer | `'view'` | String (base64) |
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<sup>1</sup> Unlike other encodings that transcode to `'view'`, these depend on Buffer at the moment and thus don't work in browsers if a [shim](https://github.com/feross/buffer) is not included by JavaScript bundlers like Webpack and Browserify.
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### Ecosystem Encodings
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Various modules in the ecosystem, in and outside of Level, can be used with `level-transcoder` although they follow different interfaces. Common between the interfaces is that they have `encode()` and `decode()` methods. The terms "codec" and "encoding" are used interchangeably in the ecosystem. Passing these encodings through `Transcoder#encoding()` (which is done implicitly when used in an `abstract-level` database) results in normalized encoding objects as described further below.
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| Module | Format | Interface | Named |
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| :----------------------------------------- | :--------------- | :---------------------------------- | :---- |
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| [`protocol-buffers`][protocol-buffers] | `buffer` | [`level-codec`][level-codec] | ❌ |
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| [`charwise`][charwise] | `utf8` | [`level-codec`][level-codec] | ✅ |
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| [`bytewise`][bytewise] | `buffer` | [`level-codec`][level-codec] | ✅ |
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| [`lexicographic-integer-encoding`][lexint] | `buffer`, `utf8` | [`level-codec`][level-codec] | ✅ |
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| [`abstract-encoding`][abstract-enc] | `buffer` | [`abstract-encoding`][abstract-enc] | ❌ |
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| [`multiformats`][js-multiformats] | `view` | [`multiformats`][blockcodec] | ✅ |
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Those marked as not named are modules that export or generate encodings that don't have a `name` property (or `type` as an alias). We call these _anonymous encodings_. They can only be used as objects and not by name. Passing an anonymous encoding through `Transcoder#encoding()` does give it a `name` property for compatibility, but the value of `name` is not deterministic.
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## API
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### `Transcoder`
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#### `transcoder = new Transcoder(formats)`
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Create a new transcoder, providing the formats that are supported by a database (or other). The `formats` argument must be an array containing one or more of `'buffer'`, `'view'`, `'utf8'`. The returned `transcoder` instance is stateful, in that it contains a set of cached encoding objects.
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#### `encoding = transcoder.encoding(encoding)`
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Returns the given `encoding` argument as a normalized encoding object that follows the `level-transcoder` encoding interface. The `encoding` argument may be:
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- A string to select a known encoding by its name
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- An object that follows one of the following interfaces: [`level-transcoder`](#encoding-interface), [`level-codec`](https://github.com/Level/codec#encoding-format), [`abstract-encoding`][abstract-enc], [`multiformats`][blockcodec]
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- A previously normalized encoding, such that `encoding(x)` equals `encoding(encoding(x))`.
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Results are cached. If the `encoding` argument is an object and it has a name then subsequent calls can refer to that encoding by name.
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Depending on the `formats` provided to the `Transcoder` constructor, this method may return a _transcoder encoding_ that translates the desired encoding from / to a supported format. Its `encode()` and `decode()` methods will have respectively the same input and output types as a non-transcoded encoding, but its `name` property will differ.
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#### `encodings = transcoder.encodings()`
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Get an array of encoding objects. This includes:
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- Encodings for the `formats` that were passed to the `Transcoder` constructor
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- Custom encodings that were passed to `transcoder.encoding()`
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- Transcoder encodings for either.
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### `Encoding`
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#### `data = encoding.encode(data)`
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Encode data.
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#### `data = encoding.decode(data)`
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Decode data.
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#### `encoding.name`
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Unique name. A string.
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#### `encoding.commonName`
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Common name, computed from `name`. If this encoding is a transcoder encoding, `name` will be for example `'json+view'` and `commonName` will be just `'json'`. Else `name` will equal `commonName`.
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#### `encoding.format`
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Name of the (lower-level) encoding used by the return value of `encode()`. One of `'buffer'`, `'view'`, `'utf8'`. If `name` equals `format` then the encoding can be assumed to be idempotent, such that `encode(x)` equals `encode(encode(x))`.
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## Encoding Interface
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Custom encodings must follow the following interface:
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```ts
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interface IEncoding<TIn, TFormat, TOut> {
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name: string
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format: 'buffer' | 'view' | 'utf8'
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encode: (data: TIn) => TFormat
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decode: (data: TFormat) => TOut
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}
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```
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## Install
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With [npm](https://npmjs.org) do:
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```
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npm install level-transcoder
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```
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## Contributing
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[`Level/transcoder`](https://github.com/Level/transcoder) is an **OPEN Open Source Project**. This means that:
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> Individuals making significant and valuable contributions are given commit-access to the project to contribute as they see fit. This project is more like an open wiki than a standard guarded open source project.
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See the [Contribution Guide](https://github.com/Level/community/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) for more details.
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## Donate
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Support us with a monthly donation on [Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/level) and help us continue our work.
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## License
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[MIT](LICENSE)
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[level-badge]: https://leveljs.org/img/badge.svg
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[level-codec]: https://github.com/Level/codec
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[leveldown]: https://github.com/Level/leveldown
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[protocol-buffers]: https://github.com/mafintosh/protocol-buffers
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[charwise]: https://github.com/dominictarr/charwise
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[bytewise]: https://github.com/deanlandolt/bytewise
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[lexint]: https://github.com/vweevers/lexicographic-integer-encoding
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[abstract-enc]: https://github.com/mafintosh/abstract-encoding
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[js-multiformats]: https://github.com/multiformats/js-multiformats
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[blockcodec]: https://github.com/multiformats/js-multiformats/blob/master/src/codecs/interface.ts
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